Swift Examples - Automatic Reference Counting

The Swift Programming Language Examples

源码在 GitHub：https://github.com/gewill/The-Swift-Programming-Language-2.1-Examples

Playground ->

// : Playground - noun: a place where people can play

import UIKit

//: 自动引用计数（Automatic Reference Counting）

//自动引用计数实践
class Person0 {
    let name: String
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
        print("\(name) is being initialized")
    }
    deinit {
        print("\(name) is being deinitialized")
    }
}

var reference1: Person0?
var reference2: Person0?
var reference3: Person0?

reference1 = Person0(name: "John Appleseed")

reference2 = reference1
reference3 = reference1

reference1 = nil
reference2 = nil

reference3 = nil

//: 解决实例之间的循环强引用

//Swift 提供了两种办法用来解决你在使用类的属性时所遇到的循环强引用问题：弱引用（weak reference）和无主引用（unowned reference）。

//弱引用和无主引用允许循环引用中的一个实例引用另外一个实例而不保持强引用。这样实例能够互相引用而不产生循环强引用。

//对于生命周期中会变为nil的实例使用弱引用。相反地，对于初始化赋值后再也不会被赋值为nil的实例，使用无主引用。

//和弱引用类似，无主引用不会牢牢保持住引用的实例。和弱引用不同的是，无主引用是永远有值的。因此，无主引用总是被定义为非可选类型（non-optional type）。你可以在声明属性或者变量时，在前面加上关键字unowned表示这是一个无主引用。

//: 1 - Person和Apartment的例子展示了两个属性的值都允许为nil，并会潜在的产生循环强引用。这种场景最适合用弱引用来解决。
class Person {
    let name: String
    init(name: String) { self.name = name }
    var apartment: Apartment?
    deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") }
}
class Apartment {
    let unit: String
    init(unit: String) { self.unit = unit }
    weak var tenant: Person?
    deinit { print("Apartment \(unit) is being deinitialized") }
}

var john: Person?
var unit4A: Apartment?

john = Person(name: "John Appleseed")
unit4A = Apartment(unit: "4A")

john!.apartment = unit4A
unit4A!.tenant = john

john = nil
unit4A = nil

//: 2 - Customer和CreditCard的例子展示了一个属性的值允许为nil，而另一个属性的值不允许为nil，这也可能会产生循环强引用。这种场景最适合通过无主引用来解决。
class Customer {
    let name: String
    var card: CreditCard?
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
    deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") }
}
class CreditCard {
    let number: UInt64
    unowned let customer: Customer
    init(number: UInt64, customer: Customer) {
        self.number = number
        self.customer = customer
    }
    deinit { print("Card #\(number) is being deinitialized") }
}

var lee: Customer?
lee = Customer(name: "Brunce Lee")
let card = CreditCard(number: 1234567890123456, customer: lee!)
lee = nil
card

//: 3 - 两个属性都必须有值，并且初始化完成后永远不会为nil。在这种场景中，需要一个类使用无主属性，而另外一个类使用隐式解析可选属性。

class Country {
    let name: String
    var capitalCity: City!
    init(name: String, capitalName: String) {
        self.name = name
        self.capitalCity = City(name: capitalName, country: self)
    }
}
class City {
    let name: String
    unowned let country: Country
    init(name: String, country: Country) {
        self.name = name
        self.country = country
    }
}

var country: Country?
country = Country(name: "Canada", capitalName: "Ottawa")
print("\(country!.name)'s capital city is called \(country!.capitalCity.name)")
country = nil

//: 解决闭包引起的循环强引用

//在定义闭包时同时定义捕获列表作为闭包的一部分，通过这种方式可以解决闭包和类实例之间的循环强引用。

/*
 lazy var someClosure: (Int, String) -> String = {
 [unowned self, weak delegate = self.delegate!] (index: Int, stringToProcess: String) -> String in
 // 这里是闭包的函数体
 }
 */

class HTMLElement {
    
    let name: String
    let text: String?
    
    lazy var asHTML: Void -> String = {
        [unowned self] in
        if let text = self.text {
            return "<\(self.name)>\(text)</\(self.name)>"
        } else {
            return "<\(self.name) />"
        }
    }
    
    init(name: String, text: String? = nil) {
        self.name = name
        self.text = text
    }
    
    deinit {
        print("\(name) is being deinitialized")
    }
    
}

var paragraph: HTMLElement? = HTMLElement(name: "p", text: "hello, world")
print(paragraph!.asHTML())
paragraph = nil